A team of researchers at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI) and the University of Glasgow (Glasgow, Scotland) used glowing fluorescent gel to test the potential effectiveness of vaccines to control rabies and other diseases in wild bats. The team's study found that a low-effort vaccination program could substantially reduce rabies transmission in wild vampire bats, thereby reducing the risk of lethal infections in humans and livestock.
The gel, which contained a fluorescent tracer dye called Rhodamine B, was applied to wild vampire bats at three colonies in Peru, where it simulated the bat-to-bat spread of an orotopical rabies vaccine. Such vaccines, which are applied orally or topically and are then spread between bats through oral contact during grooming, have already been shown to protect multiple bats against rabies for every individual vaccinated in the laboratory, but their levels of spread in wild bats was unknown until now.
When the gel was ingested by bats that groomed each other, it led to fluorescence in the bats' hair follicles, which was then monitored by fluorescence microscopy of hair samples collected by the scientists.
The study demonstrated that because of bat-to-bat transfer, orotopical rabies vaccines would protect 2.6 bats for every bat that's vaccinated, compared to a single bat protected by conventional nonspreadable vaccines.
The researchers used mathematical models to show that observed levels of vaccine transfer would reduce the probability, size, and duration of rabies outbreaks, even at low but realistically achievable levels of vaccine deployment. The models further showed that a spreadable vaccine would control rabies more effectively than the current policy of killing the bats with a poisonous gel that spreads by the same route of contact and grooming.
"We demonstrate why over 40 years of culling vampire bats has failed to contain the disease in Latin America," says Kevin Bakker, a postdoctoral researcher in the University of Michigan's Department of Statistics and the lead author of the study. "Our mathematical models reveal that bats would have to be effectively eliminated to reduce rabies more efficiently than vaccines, and our field studies imply that this level of culling effort is not practically attainable in real-world campaigns."
Existing management strategies have been unable to mitigate the burden of rabies, with uptake of protective vaccines for humans and livestock limited by high costs and inaccessibility to remote areas. Another strategy, poisoning the bats to reduce their populations, is controversial and has had mixed results for rabies control.
"Vampire bat rabies still has severe medical and agricultural impacts across North, Central, and South America despite decades of efforts to mitigate its burden. Our findings demonstrated that bat-to-bat transfer of oral rabies vaccines could increase population-level immunity up to 2.6 times beyond the same effort using conventional, non-spreadable vaccines," says Daniel Streicker, senior author of the paper and a senior research fellow at the University of Glasgow's Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine and the MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research.
"Until recently, controlling diseases in reclusive animals like wild bats seemed unimaginable. Our findings reveal the exciting potential for using a new generation of spreadable vaccine technologies to protect human and animal health by fighting diseases within their wildlife hosts," Streicker adds.
Because rabies relies on vampire bat movement between colonies, a strategic switch from poisoning to vaccination would increase immunity and may lead to a dramatic reduction in rabies across Latin America, Bakker says.
Full details of the work appear in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution.
Source: November 18, 2019 EurekAlert news release
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