Belfast, Ireland--With the help of a highly sensitive Andor EMCCD camera, U.S. researchers have developed a super-resolution 3-D imaging technique that can resolve single fluorescent molecules with greater than ten times the precision of conventional optical microscopy. By being able to locate molecules to within 12 to 20 nm in all three axes, the researchers hope to be able to observe interactions between nanometer-scale intracellular structures previously too small to see.
This major advance in 3-D super-resolution imaging has been achieved by combining two concepts: super-resolution imaging by sparse photoactivation of single-molecule labels, coupled with a double-helix point-spread function (DH-PSF) to provide accurate z-position information.
Rafael Piestun at the University of Colorado (Boulder, CO) and his students developed a PSF with two rotating lobes where the angle of rotation depends on the axial position of the emitting molecule. Thus, the PSF appears as a double helix along the z-axis of the microscope. W. E. Moerner at Stanford University (Palo Alto, CA) and his team realized that the DH-PSF could be used for super-resolution imaging with single molecules.
Orientation of double-helix spots
With the DH-PSF, a single emitting fluorescent molecule emits a pattern corresponding to a standard PSF, but the image this creates is convolved with the DH-PSF using Fourier optics and a reflective mask outside the microscope. At the detector, the image from a single molecule appears as two spots, rather than one. The orientation of the pair can be used to decode the z-location of a molecule, which combined with the 2-D localization data, enables the 3-D position to be accurately defined. Furthermore, the DH-PSF approach has been shown to extend the depth of field to about 2 microns in the specimen, approximately twice that which has been achieved in other 3-D super-resolution techniques.
"As the localization precision of our super-resolution technique improves at a rate of one over the square root of the number of photons detected, it was essential to use a camera that allowed us to detect every possible photon from each single molecule," said Moerner. "Put simply, the more photons we detected, the greater the x, y, and z precision.1 However, the speed of imaging is also important. Since we need to acquire multiple images for each reconstruction, it is always best to record the images as fast as possible."
Just one molecule
The DH-PSF's usefulness was recently validated in a 3-D localization experiment involving imaging of a single molecule of the new fluorogen, DCDHF-V-PF4 azide.2 This photoactivatable molecule was chosen as it emits a large number of photons before it bleaches, and is easily excited. By operating the Andor iXon+ EMCCD camera at a constant EM gain setting of x250 to eliminate the read-noise detection limit, it was possible to acquire many images of the single photoactivated molecule. From these images, the x-y-z position of the fluorophore could be determined with 12 to 20 nm precision, depending on the dimension of interest.
Moerner and his team have called this new technique single-molecule double-helix photoactivated-localization microscopy (DH-PALM), and are confident that it will provide far more useful information than is the case for other approaches to extracting 3-D positional information. "We expect that the DH-PSF optics will become a regular attachment on advanced microscopes, either for super-resolution 3-D imaging of structures, or for 3-D super-resolution tracking of individually labeled biomolecules in cells or other environments."
REFERENCES
1. M. A. Thompson et al., Nano Lett. 2010, 10,211-218.
2. S. R. Pavani et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 9, 2995-2999.
--posted by John Wallace