Superfluorescence: A perovskite quantum superpower

In a discovery that advances our understanding of quantum physics, an international team of researchers from École Polytechnique in France, the University of North Carolina, Duke University, and Boston University recently figured out why some materials are better at superfluorescence—a quantum phenomenon in which multiple excited emitters spontaneously synchronize their phases and emit a burst of coherent light.

Quantum effects like entanglement that may accompany superfluorescence—except for ideal superradiant dynamics within the subspace of symmetric Dicke states—are extremely sensitive to external perturbations that cause it to quickly vanish. Very low temperatures enhance the phenomena, while high temperatures tend to do the opposite.

“Lead halide perovskites are crystalline semiconductors with a unique lattice structure and exceptional optoelectronic properties, which make them a promising platform to explore collective quantum effects,” says Vasily Temnov, a CNSR researcher at École Polytechnique’s Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés (Irradiated Solids Laboratory; LSI).

Collective quantum effects

The team’s work was motivated by a central question for quantum optics: Can collective quantum phenomena like superfluorescence persist within disordered materials and at high temperatures? “Traditionally, such effects have been observed within specially prepared atomic systems or at cryogenic temperatures,” says Temnov. “We wanted to explore how interactions and disorder influence quantum coherence within solid-state systems.”

Experimentally, the team used time-resolved photoluminescence measurements to track the real-time evolution of a quantum phase transition from incoherent exciton-polarons (quasiparticle in condensed matter physics) to a collectively coherent state. And they used the Monte Carlo wave function method to simulate these dynamics based on a theoretical model that captured the main interactions of the system.

It revealed the stabilization of macroscopic quantum coherence within solids at elevated temperatures, which addresses a long-standing challenge for condensed matter physics.

“This opens the door to practical quantum technologies, such as sources of coherent quantum light operating at room temperatures,” says Temnov. “We show experimentally and theoretically that nonlinear exciton-lattice interactions can drive self-organization and coherence. For quantum materials and quantum computing, this reveals a new paradigm for engineering coherent phases and suggests promising routes toward scalable, thermally robust quantum emitters and lasers based on self-organized soliton phases.”

The team’s biggest “aha!” moment hit when they “realized that phonon-mediated interactions don’t just lead to dephasing but can actually promote ordering,” Temnov adds. “We first saw this in the experiment when superfluorescence persisted at high temperatures. It was unexpected, given the fast thermal dephasing.”

A closer look at the data showed fluctuations of superfluorescent intensity at frequencies matching certain phonon modes within these materials, which suggests that interactions with the lattice play an important role. “This led us to run Monte Carlo wave function simulations to understand the quantum dynamics of the system,” Temnov says. “Even after including disorder and fast thermal dephasing, the simulations showed that phonon-mediated interactions between excitons help protect the system from decoherence and allow superfluorescence to emerge at high temperatures. The coolest part for us was that we could capture all the relevant interactions in a simple Hamiltonian (a mathematical function to describe the total energy of the system), and that this model was able to reproduce the experimental results. It was very exciting to see.”

Technical challenges to overcome

While the experimental side of the team’s study is based on classical measurements of emitted light, “being the intrinsically quantum phenomenon, the cooperative spontaneous emission we predicted by theoretical Monte Carlo simulations back in 2009 should manifest itself within modified statistics of photon emission or giant photon bunching,” says Temnov.

Direct microscopic studies of superfluorescence require further development of quantum metrology at the single-photon level and ultrafast picosecond timescales.

“From a theoretical perspective, the model we developed remains purely phenomenological,” says Temnov. “Its validity needs to be tested in systematic experiments, where the optical phonon spectra can be tailored by changing the chemical element composition. The central question about the interplay between the thermal dephasing and dynamic disorder in establishing the collective states in quantum materials represents a conceptual problem and can’t be reduced, at least at present, to an ensemble of technical challenges to be tackled.”

The results of the team’s current study remain fundamental in nature. “Although the potential applications of room temperature superfluorescence can be interesting for quantum computing, any real-life applications are still out of reach,” Temnov says. “Notably, miniaturized superfluorescent emitters compatible with commercially available protocols of quantum bit storage and secure data communications need to be designed and tested in a series of proof-of-principle experiments.”

Ultrafast quantum optics

Next up, the team will focus on developing experimental methods in ultrafast quantum optics, which rely on intrinsic photon counting metrology. “The initial phase was supported by two scientific startup projects funded by the CNRS Tremplin 2025 and the Physics Department at École Polytechnique to target the development of active quantum metrologies within functional acousto-magneto-plasmonic architecture structures coupled to quantum optical light emitters such as semiconductor dots or perovskites,” says Temnov.

The last project funded within the framework of Projet de Recherche en Laboratoire targets training undergraduate bachelor students at École Polytechnique in the basics of optical metrology by combining elementary plasmonic, magneto-photonics, and ultrafast laser spectroscopies within quantum materials at the single-photon level. Combining time-resolved and quantum spectroscopies in active quantum nanophotonic devices represents a substantial experimental challenge that requires focused early-stage education in quantum nanophotonics.

FURTHER READING

M. Biliroglu et al., Nature, 642, 71–77 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09030-x.