Selective laser melting (SLM), also known as laser beam melting (LBM) or laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), has already proven itself as a powder-bed-based additive manufacturing (3D printing) process in several sectors, such as medical technology, turbo machinery manufacturing, and aerospace and automotive engineering. It is primarily used to process steels, titanium, and aluminum, nickel, and cobalt alloys.
Now, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology (Fraunhofer ILT; Aachen, Germany) want to further develop SLM as part of a research project funded by the German Federation of Industrial Research Associations (AiF; Cologne, Germany). Their goal is to make it more suitable to process components made of copper alloys and pure copper using additive manufacturing. The ability to process pure copper is an attractive option for end users, as it is more electrically and thermally conductive than copper alloys. Therefore, a specially developed laser beam source that operates with green rather than infrared (IR) light will be designed at Fraunhofer ILT by the end of 2017.
"Depending on surface properties, pure copper reflects up to 90% of laser radiation in conventionally used wavelengths of 1 µm," explains Daniel Heussen, research fellow in the Rapid Manufacturing group at Fraunhofer ILT.
As a result, only a small portion of the laser energy is deposited in the material and, therefore, is available for the melting process. The reflected radiation can also damage the components of the system. In addition, the absorptivity of the material for the IR light rises rapidly as the material transitions from a solid to liquid state, thus triggering an unstable and intermittent remelting process.
By using green laser light with a 515 nm wavelength, the absorptivity of pure copper is much higher. This means that less laser power output is needed for a stable process. Furthermore, the laser beam can be focused more precisely, allowing it to manufacture far more delicate components using the new SLM process.
"We are hoping for a more homogeneous melt pool dynamics so that we can build components with high material density and achieve other positive effects, such as a higher detail resolution," Heussen explains.
Since there is no green laser source on the market that meets the boundary conditions of the SLM process, the department for laser beam source development at Fraunhofer ILT is building its own in a project they call SLM in Green. Their aim is to create a high-quality laser for single-mode operation that functions with a maximum output of 400W in continuous-wave (CW) at 515 nm. A SLM in Green laboratory setup is expected to be ready by the end of 2017—once in place, Fraunhofer ILT will further develop its processes as part of the research project funded by the AiF.
The primary future goal is to create a reliable process with which industrial users can 3D-print complex geometries of pure copper with hollow structures and undercuts. The process can be used for highly efficient heat exchangers and heat sinks, or for producing delicate, complex electrical components in small batches.
"Inductors for inductive heat treatment in industrial production are excellent showcases for additive manufacturing," Heussen explains. "They are mostly produced in small numbers with a high level of complexity and a wide range of different variants."
In the field of jewelry design, SLM in Green could offer a far more efficient and reproducible process for manufacturing complex structures than conventional techniques. Compared to other additive methods such as electron beam melting (EBM), the scientists are hoping for a notably higher detail resolution as well as greater cost efficiency in production.
The green laser in development should be suitable not just for copper, but also non-ferrous and precious metals in the jewelry industry. "However, before we achieve that, we still need to overcome a few hurdles in process and system development, and gain a deeper process understanding for the use of the new wavelength," Heussen says. "This is currently the goal of the publicly funded project, which will run until mid-2019."
Fraunhofer ILT will show a model and initial process videos to present its new research topic to interested parties at the formnext 2017 international exhibition and conference, to be held November 14-17 in Frankfurt, Germany (hall 3.0, stand F50).
For more information, please visit www.ilt.fraunhofer.de/en.