Using new light-emitting diode (LED) arrays that can both emit and detect light, smartphones and other devices could soon be controlled with touchless gestures and charge themselves using ambient light. Made of tiny nanorods arrayed in a thin film, the LEDs could enable new interactive functions and multitasking devices, as described in the February 10 issue of the journal Science by researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Champaign, IL) and Dow Electronic Materials (Marlborough, MA).
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"These LEDs are the beginning of enabling displays to do something completely different, moving well beyond just displaying information to be much more interactive devices," said Moonsub Shim, a professor of materials science and engineering at the U. of I. and the leader of the study (see video below).
The tiny nanorods, each measuring less than 5 nm in diameter, are made of three types of semiconductor material. One type emits and absorbs visible light. The other two semiconductors control how charge flows through the first material. The combination is what allows the LEDs to emit, sense, and respond to light by quickly (three orders of magnitude faster than standard display refresh rates) switching back and forth from emitting to detecting. For example, a display could automatically adjust brightness in response to ambient light conditions on a pixel-by-pixel basis.
"You can imagine sitting outside with your tablet, reading. Your tablet will detect the brightness and adjust it for individual pixels," Shim said. "Where there's a shadow falling across the screen it will be dimmer, and where it's in the sun it will be brighter, so you can maintain steady contrast."
The researchers demonstrated pixels that automatically adjust brightness, as well as pixels that respond to an approaching finger, which could be integrated into interactive displays that respond to touchless gestures or recognize objects. They also demonstrated arrays that respond to a laser stylus, which could be the basis of smart whiteboards, tablets or other surfaces for writing or drawing with light. And the researchers found that the LEDs not only respond to light, but can convert it to electricity as well.
"The way it responds to light is like a solar cell. So not only can we enhance interaction between users and devices or displays, now we can actually use the displays to harvest light," Shim said. "So imagine your cellphone just sitting there collecting the ambient light and charging. That's a possibility without having to integrate separate solar cells. We still have a lot of development to do before a display can be completely self-powered, but we think that we can boost the power-harvesting properties without compromising LED performance, so that a significant amount of the display’s power is coming from the array itself."
In addition to interacting with users and their environment, nanorod LED displays can interact with each other as large parallel communication arrays. It would be slower than device-to-device technologies like Bluetooth, Shim said, but those technologies are serial--they can only send one bit at a time. Two LED arrays facing each other could communicate with as many bits as there are pixels in the screen.
"We primarily interface with our electronic devices through their displays, and a display’s appeal resides in the user's experience of viewing and manipulating information," said study coauthor Peter Trefonas, a corporate fellow in Electronic Materials at The Dow Chemical Company. "The bidirectional capability of these new LED materials could enable devices to respond intelligently to external stimuli in new ways. The potential for touchless gesture control alone is intriguing, and we’re only scratching the surface of what could be possible."
The researchers did all their demonstrations with arrays of red LEDs. They are now working on methods to pattern three-color displays with red, blue, and green pixels, as well as working on ways to boost the light-harvesting capabilities by adjusting the composition of the nanorods.
SOURCE: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; https://news.illinois.edu/blog/view/6367/461493
