A new, 1.6-meter clear aperture solar telescope--the largest of its kind in the world--has become operational. The instrument, cited as the pathfinder for future, large ground-based telescopes, could not have come at a more auspicious moment, scientists say. This year marks the 400th anniversary of Galileo's telescope, used to demonstrate that sunspots are indeed located on the Sun.
"With our new instrument, Galileo's work can leap ahead with a capability never before available," said Distinguished Professor of Physics Philip R. Goode ofthe New Jersey Institute of Technology (Newark, NJ). Goode, the heart and soul of the project, has been director of Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) since NJIT took over management of BBSO in 1997 from California Institute of Technology. Located high above sea level in Big Bear Lake, CA, the observatory is one of the premier land-based facilities supported by federal funding.
"The new solar telescope will be the premier ground-based instrument in the U.S. for high-resolution observations of the Sun," said Paul Bellaire, program director in NSF's Division of Atmospheric Sciences. "The sun is the source of all 'space weather' that ultimately affects Earth in solar storms."
"We are already seeing images offering a better understanding of the Sun," said Goode. "With this instrument we should be able to have a better understanding of dynamic storms and space weather--which can have dramatic effects on Earth."
Though researchers achieved first scientific light (meaning the telescope is operational) this month, at least three more years of work will be needed to bring on-line ever-more sophisticated hardware for observing the Sun.
Nevertheless, Goode and the BBSO research team were able to extract a few unique images clearly illustrate the capabilities of the old versus new telescope. "Our prized first image shows the Sun's ever-present, turbulent granular field with its largest granules being about the size of Alaska," Goode said. "The small, bright points in the dark lanes are less than 50 miles across and are the smallest-scale magnetic structures on the Sun. Look closely at the "after" photo (which you may want to enlarge) and you will see a string of pearls. Each pearl is a cross-section of an intense, single fiber of the Sun's magnetic field--the basic building block of the solar magnetism."
Goode adds that the Sun is now in a state of prolonged magnetic inactivity, perhaps the longest such time in a century. "The new telescope is ideal for studying the Sun as it rises from this strange state of quietude," he added.
The new instrument has three times the aperture of the old telescope. It represents a significant advance in high-resolution observations of the Sun, since it has the largest aperture of any solar telescope in existence, said Goode. Since it is an off-axis telescope, there is no part of the sunlight blocked by the telescope.
The new telescope will be used in joint observation campaigns with NASA satellites to optimize the scientific output of all observations of the Sun. BBSO has always operated in such campaigns, but now can do so with greatly enhanced capabilities. The National Science Foundation (NSF), Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and NASA have provided more than $5 million in hardware components.
The telescope is filled with new technologies. The 1.7-meter primary mirror was polished by the Steward Observatory Mirror Laboratory at the University of Arizona (UA). The extremely-precise measurements of the mirror's shape required the application, for the first time, of a computer-generated hologram. The development of this technology will be essential for figuring the next generation of even-larger night time telescopes. The final error in the primary mirror is only a few parts in a billion from its desired parabolic shape. "Buddy Martin at the UA Mirror Lab has described the mirror as the pathfinder for large nighttime telescopes that are about to be built," said Goode.
Another key design issue for this large-aperture solar telescope was the creation of a thermal control system capable of maintaining the temperature of the mirrors near or below ambient air. To achieve this, the dome employs a wind-gate and exhaust system which controls the airflow from the wind.
The structure maintains the same temperature inside and outside the dome, and clears concentrations of heat in and around the optical paths. In addition, BBSO engineers implemented a closed-cycle, chilled-air system as part of the telescope mount to limit so-called "mirror seeing." This sweeps away turbulent cells and directly cools the primary mirror. After a day of observations, the mirror must be cooled overnight to ensure that it is somewhat cooler than ambient in the morning.
DFM Engineering (Longmont, CO) built and tested the optical support structure and active-support mirror cell for the enormous mirror. It is supported by 36 actuators that can bend out low-order aberrations, such as those due to gravity and/or thermal effects.
The telescope is now in its commissioning phase in which more sophisticated observations are made possible with the implementation of advanced hardware. These include adaptive optics to correct for atmospheric distortion and hardware to measure magnetic fields in visible and infrared light.
For more information see the Big Bear Solar Observatory website.
